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Shahr-e Zohak: The Red City of Bamiyan

Explore the historic Red City of Shahr-e Zohak in Bamiyan, Afghanistan, offering stunning views and a glimpse into the region's Silk Road past.

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Explore the dramatic ruins of Shahr-e Zohak, an ancient fortress also known as the Red City, located 9 kilometers east of Bamiyan in central Afghanistan [3]. Perched at the confluence of the Bamiyan and Kalu rivers, this imposing structure offers panoramic views and a glimpse into Afghanistan's rich, turbulent past along the ancient Silk Road [3, 4]. Its reddish hue and strategic location make it a unique and historically significant site [3].

A brief summary to SHAHR-E-ZOHAK

  • RXGM+75F, Tupchi, AF

Local tips

  • Wear sturdy shoes suitable for hiking on uneven terrain, as the path to the fortress is steep and rocky [3].
  • Visit during the spring (April to June) or autumn (September to October) for moderate temperatures and pleasant hiking conditions [4].
  • Hire a local guide in Bamiyan to learn about the history and legends associated with Shahr-e Zohak [3].
  • Bring water and snacks, as there are no facilities available at the site [3].
  • Stay on marked paths and exercise caution due to the potential presence of landmines in the surrounding area [3, 5].
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Getting There

  • Taxi/Ride-Share

    From Bamiyan city center, the most practical way to reach Shahr-e Zohak is by taxi or hired car [3, 7]. Negotiate a round-trip fare with the driver, typically ranging from 500 to 1,000 AFS [3, 7, 8]. The journey takes approximately 25 minutes to Tupchi village or the Shashpul checkpoint, located near the confluence of the Bamiyan and Kalu rivers [3]. Ensure the driver knows to drop you at Shashpul checkpoint [3]. A Bamiyan Entrance Ticket, costing 300 AFS, is required and will be checked by soldiers at the Shashpul checkpoint [3, 7].

  • Public Transport

    Shared taxis are available from Bamiyan Bazaar for around 150 AFS per person [3, 7]. Ask to be dropped off at Tupchi village or the Shashpul checkpoint [3, 7]. A Bamiyan Entrance Ticket, costing 300 AFS, is required and will be checked by soldiers at the Shashpul checkpoint [3, 7]. Purchase this ticket beforehand from the Director of Information & Culture in Bamiyan, located in front of the Buddha Niches [3, 7].

  • Walking

    From the Shashpul checkpoint, it's approximately a 1 km walk to the village of Kalu, where the trail to Shahr-e Zohak begins [3, 7]. The final ascent to the Shahr-e Zohak ruins from Kalu village involves a steep, approximately 1km uphill walk [3]. Follow the trail marked with red stones, taking extreme caution not to stray from the path due to potential landmines [3, 5]. The walk takes about 30-45 minutes, depending on fitness level [3]. There are no costs associated with walking, but the 300 AFS Bamiyan Entrance Ticket is still required [3, 7].

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Shahr-e Zohak, often called the Red City, is an ancient fortress located approximately 9 kilometers east of Bamiyan in central Afghanistan [3]. This imposing structure, strategically positioned at the confluence of the Bamiyan and Kalu rivers, served as a crucial defensive site for the Bamiyan Valley for centuries [3]. Its origins trace back to the 6th century AD, with significant development occurring during the rule of the Ghorid dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries [3, 6]. The name 'Zohak' is derived from a mythical serpent-haired king in Persian literature [3]. The strategic importance of Shahr-e Zohak is immediately apparent upon arrival. The fortress commands a panoramic view of the valley, allowing its occupants to monitor and control access to this vital region [3]. Its location made it a key point along the ancient Silk Road, which connected the East and West, facilitating trade and cultural exchange [3, 4]. Shahr-e Zohak's history is marked by both periods of prosperity and violent conflict. It flourished as a center of power and defense under the Ghorids, housing a population of around 3,000 people within its walls [3, 6]. The fortress featured sophisticated fortifications, including ramparts, watchtowers, and a citadel protected by multiple layers of walls [3, 10]. These defenses were designed to withstand prolonged sieges and protect the inhabitants from invaders [3]. However, the Red City's fortunes took a devastating turn in 1221 when it was besieged by the Mongol army led by Genghis Khan [3, 6]. During the siege, Mutukhan, Genghis Khan's grandson, was killed by an arrow shot from within the fortress [3, 6, 9]. Enraged by the death of his grandson, Genghis Khan ordered the complete destruction of Shahr-e Zohak and the massacre of its inhabitants [3, 6, 9]. Legend has it that the red color of the city's stones comes from the blood spilled during this brutal event [3, 6, 9]. Despite the destruction wrought by the Mongols, Shahr-e Zohak was later rebuilt and reoccupied [3]. However, it never regained its former glory and gradually fell into disrepair [3]. Today, the crumbling ruins offer a glimpse into Afghanistan's rich and turbulent past [6, 7].

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