Dunnottar Castle

A Fortress Shaped by Centuries of Conflict

Dunnottar Castle's origins stretch back into Scotland's misty past. While legend credits Saint Ninian with establishing a chapel here in the 5th century, the earliest confirmed historical references appear in 7th-century records, when the site served as a Pictish stronghold commanding the northeast coast. The castle's strategic location—perched 160 feet above the turbulent North Sea on three sides—made it an invaluable defensive position, though this advantage would be tested repeatedly throughout the medieval period. The site endured relentless assault from Viking raiders seeking to control Scotland's fertile east coast. In 900 AD, King Donald II of Scotland, the first ruler formally titled King of Alba, was killed at Dunnottar while defending against Scandinavian invaders who subsequently destroyed much of the fortification. Centuries later, English forces under King Æthelstan raided as far north as Dunnottar in 934, demonstrating the castle's continued strategic importance and vulnerability.

The Keith Family and Stone Fortifications

The turning point in Dunnottar's physical resilience came in 1392 when Sir William Keith, Great Marischal of Scotland, constructed the first permanent stone keep—the fortress's oldest surviving major structure. This marked a decisive shift from repeated destruction and rebuilding to genuine architectural permanence. The Keith family's stewardship transformed Dunnottar from a frequently ruined outpost into a seat of considerable power and prestige. By the 16th century, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, undertook an ambitious reconstruction project, converting the medieval fortress into a more comfortable residence with multiple buildings arranged around a courtyard, complete with a grand stone gatehouse known as Benholm's Lodging. These improvements created elegant living spaces while maintaining formidable defensive features, including gun ports strategically positioned to command the entrance.

The Honours of Scotland and Cromwell's Siege

Dunnottar achieved its greatest historical prominence during the English Civil War and the subsequent Commonwealth period. When King Charles II visited Scotland in 1650 and was crowned in 1651, the Scottish Crown Jewels—the Honours of Scotland comprising the crown, sword, and scepter—could not safely return to Edinburgh as Oliver Cromwell's invading army advanced northward. The 7th Earl Marischal made the crucial decision to hide these priceless regalia at Dunnottar, smuggling them into the castle hidden within sacks of wool. Sir George Ogilvie took command of the fortress's defense, and for eight months the small garrison withstood Cromwell's relentless siege, enduring bombardment from heavy siege cannons. Against overwhelming odds, the defenders held firm, successfully preserving the Honours of Scotland from capture. This extraordinary feat of loyalty and courage cemented Dunnottar's place in Scottish national memory.

Decline and Romantic Ruin

Following the Jacobite Rising of 1715, in which the 10th Earl Marischal joined the rebellion, the crown forfeited his titles and lands. Dunnottar passed from the Keith family's hands, and by the early 18th century, the castle lost its appeal as a residence. The nobility increasingly preferred more comfortable lowland estates to the windswept clifftop fortress. The castle was largely dismantled and abandoned to the elements, gradually transforming into the evocative ruin that captivates visitors today. What began as a strategic liability—its exposed, storm-battered location—became its greatest asset in the modern era, creating one of Scotland's most photographed and romantically compelling historical sites.

A Living Monument to Scottish Resilience

Today, Dunnottar Castle stands as a powerful testament to Scottish determination and historical significance. The 14th-century keep remains substantially intact, its sturdy stone walls a reminder of medieval engineering prowess. The chapel, parts of which date to the 13th century, survives in fragmentary form. Most other structures exist as roofless ruins, their bare walls silhouetted against the dramatic coastal landscape. The site's theatrical setting—perched above churning seas with panoramic views of the Aberdeenshire coast—enhances its emotional impact, making it far more than a mere historical curiosity. Visitors ascending the steep pathway experience the same sense of isolation and vulnerability that medieval defenders and residents once knew, creating an immersive connection to centuries of Scottish struggle, courage, and cultural pride.