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Kirkuk Citadel: Ancient Heart of Kirkuk

Explore the ancient Kirkuk Citadel, a historical treasure trove showcasing millennia of Mesopotamian history and cultural diversity.

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The Kirkuk Citadel, a historical fortress in the heart of Kirkuk, Iraq, is considered the city's oldest part, dating back to at least 850 BCE. Rising 40 meters above the Khasa River, it offers a glimpse into the region's diverse past, with structures reflecting Assyrian, Babylonian, and Ottoman influences.

A brief summary to Kirkuk Citadel

  • F99V+FX9, Kirkuk, Nahiyat Hammam, Kirkuk Governorate, 36001, IQ

Local tips

  • Visit early in the morning to avoid the midday heat and enjoy a more tranquil experience.
  • Wear comfortable shoes, as exploring the citadel involves walking on uneven surfaces.
  • Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and significance of the citadel.
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Getting There

  • Walking

    The Kirkuk Citadel is located in the center of Kirkuk, easily accessible on foot from many points in the city center. From Cumhuriyet Caddesi, head north towards the Citadel. You'll see it rising on its tell. No costs are involved in approaching the Citadel on foot.

  • Taxi

    Taxis are readily available throughout Kirkuk. A short taxi ride to the Citadel from locations within the city typically costs between 2,000 to 5,000 IQD, but confirm the price before you set off.

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Discover more about Kirkuk Citadel

Kirkuk Citadel, locally known as Qal'at Karkuk, is a significant historical site in the center of Kirkuk, Iraq. Perched atop a 40-meter-high tell (artificial mound) overlooking the Khasa River, the citadel is considered the oldest part of the city, with a history stretching back millennia. Archaeological evidence suggests habitation dating back to the 3rd millennium BC, with some historians attributing the oldest parts to the Gutian people around 3500 years ago. Others believe it was constructed by the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II between 884 and 858 BCE as a military defense post. Over the centuries, various empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Ottomans, have contributed to its architecture and fortifications. King Seleucus I Nicator is said to have built a strong rampart with 72 towers around the citadel. The citadel houses various historical and religious structures, reflecting the diverse cultural influences throughout its history. Notable sites include the Great Mosque (completed in the 13th century), the Green Dome (completed in 1360/1361 CE), the Prophet Daniel Mosque (believed to contain the Tomb of Daniel, completed in the 15th century), the Al-Aryan Mosque (completed in 1729/1730 CE), the Al-Qaysariyah Market, and a Chaldean Church. The citadel has been a melting pot of cultures and religions, with a Jewish temple, Christian church, and Muslim mosque existing within its walls at different times. In April 2021, the 42.5-hectare citadel was added to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Despite its historical significance, the citadel has faced challenges, including damage from conflicts and neglect. In the late 1990s, Saddam Hussein launched a campaign to "beautify" the citadel, which resulted in the forced removal of many Kurdish and Turkoman residents and the destruction of hundreds of houses. Reconstruction efforts have been ongoing, with UNESCO involved in overseeing renovations since 2010.

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