Byblos Citadel: A Crusader Fortress with Ancient Roots

Byblos Citadel, a majestic Crusader castle, stands as a powerful testament to the rich and layered history of Byblos, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Constructed in the 12th century by Crusaders, the citadel incorporates indigenous limestone and remnants of Roman structures, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped this ancient city. Strategically positioned on a hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, the Byblos Citadel, also known as Byblos Castle, served as a crucial defensive structure and a symbol of Crusader dominance. Its imposing towers and thick walls, surrounded by a moat, exemplify Crusader architectural ingenuity. The castle belonged to the Genoese Embriaco family, who were the Lords of Gibelet. Saladin captured the town and castle in 1188 and dismantled the walls in 1190. The Crusaders recaptured Byblos and rebuilt the fortifications of the castle in 1197. However, Byblos' history extends far beyond the Crusader period. The city's origins trace back to the Neolithic period, rising to prominence around 3000 BCE as a vital hub for the Phoenicians. Byblos flourished as a key trading center, connecting Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Mediterranean world, exporting cedarwood and other goods. The city's religious significance is also notable, having been considered sacred to the Egyptian goddess Hathor. Today, visitors can explore the well-preserved ruins of the Byblos Citadel, climb its ramparts for panoramic views, and delve into the city's past at the on-site archaeological museum. The citadel is surrounded by other historical landmarks, including Egyptian temples, the Phoenician royal necropolis, and a Roman amphitheater, offering a comprehensive glimpse into Byblos's remarkable heritage.