Herat Citadel: A Timeless Fortress

The Citadel of Herat, locally known as Qala Ikhtyaruddin, is a testament to the city's long and turbulent history [6, 14]. Believed to have been founded by Alexander the Great around 330 BC, the site has been a strategic stronghold for over two millennia [4, 5, 6, 7]. Throughout its history, the citadel has served various purposes, including a royal residence, a military base, and a prison [5, 9]. The current structure largely dates back to the Timurid dynasty, specifically the early 15th century when Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction in 1415 [4, 5]. The citadel's imposing architecture reflects the skills of Timurid architects, featuring towering walls, strong towers, and large courtyards constructed from baked bricks and stone [9]. Once adorned with intricate tile work and Kufic script proclaiming its grandeur, only fragments of this remain today [5]. Over the centuries, the citadel faced numerous threats, including destruction by Genghis Khan in the 13th century and near demolition in 1953 [4, 5, 7]. Fortunately, intervention by King Zahir Shah saved it from complete destruction [5]. Extensive renovations in the 1970s and more recently between 2006 and 2011, have helped to preserve this important historical site [5, 6, 7]. Visitors can explore the citadel's ramparts, offering panoramic views of Herat, and visit the National Museum of Herat housed within its walls [5, 6, 13]. Archaeological excavations are ongoing, revealing more about the citadel's past [5].