SHAHR-E-ZOHAK Travel Guide

Shahr-e Zohak, or the Red City, is an ancient fortress located in the Bamiyan Province of Afghanistan, approximately 9 kilometers east of Bamiyan city [2]. The name 'Red City' comes from the reddish hue of the rock foundations [2]. Strategically positioned at the confluence of the Bamiyan and Kalu rivers, it served as a crucial defensive site for the Bamiyan Valley for centuries [2, 5].Its origins trace back to the 6th century AD, with significant development during the Ghorid dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries [2]. The fortress was built by the Ghorids on foundations dating back to the 6th century [2]. The name 'Zohak' is derived from a mythical serpent-haired king in Persian literature [2, 5]. The fortress commands a panoramic view of the valley, allowing its occupants to monitor and control access to this vital region [2]. Its location made it a key point along the ancient Silk Road, facilitating trade and cultural exchange [2, 3].Shahr-e Zohak flourished as a center of power and defense under the Ghorids, housing a population of around 3,000 people within its walls [2, 6]. The fortress featured sophisticated fortifications, including ramparts, watchtowers, and a citadel protected by multiple layers of walls [2, 5]. In 1221, the Mongol army led by Genghis Khan besieged the city [2]. During the siege, Mutukhan, Genghis Khan's grandson, was killed by an arrow shot from within the fortress [2, 6]. Enraged, Genghis Khan ordered the complete destruction of Shahr-e Zohak and the massacre of its inhabitants [2, 6]. Legend says the red color of the city's stones comes from the blood spilled during this event [2, 6].Despite the destruction, Shahr-e Zohak was later rebuilt but never regained its former glory [2]. Today, the ruins offer a glimpse into Afghanistan's rich history [3]. Exploring the site allows visitors to imagine life within the fortress and appreciate its strategic importance [2]. The panoramic views from the top are breathtaking, showcasing the Bamiyan Valley and the confluence of the rivers [2]. Visitors should exercise caution and stick to marked paths due to potential landmines [2].