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Kirkuk Citadel: A Timeless Symbol of Iraqi Heritage

Explore the ancient Kirkuk Citadel, a historic fortress in Iraq with millennia of stories etched in its walls and a tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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The Kirkuk Citadel, located in the heart of Kirkuk, Iraq, is considered the oldest part of the city. Rising 40 meters (130 ft) above the surrounding landscape, this ancient structure stands as a testament to the region's rich history, dating back to at least the 9th century BCE.

A brief summary to Kirkuk Citadel

  • F99V+FX9, Kirkuk, Nahiyat Hammam, Kirkuk Governorate, 36001, IQ
  • Monday 12 am-12 am
  • Tuesday 12 am-12 am
  • Wednesday 12 am-12 am
  • Thursday 12 am-12 am
  • Friday 12 am-12 am
  • Saturday 12 am-12 am
  • Sunday 12 am-12 am

Local tips

  • Visit early in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat and enjoy the best lighting for photography.
  • Wear comfortable shoes, as exploring the citadel involves walking on uneven surfaces.
  • Consider hiring a local guide to gain deeper insights into the history and significance of the Citadel.
  • Check local guidelines and opening hours before visiting, as they may vary seasonally.
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Getting There

  • Walking

    The Kirkuk Citadel is located in the center of Kirkuk, easily accessible on foot from many points in the city. From the Kirkuk Museum, walk northeast along Adnan Khairallah Street, then turn left onto Citadel Street. The Citadel will be on your left. This should take about 15 minutes. No costs are involved.

  • Taxi

    Taxis are readily available throughout Kirkuk. A short taxi ride to the Citadel from a location such as Kirkuk International Airport or a hotel in the city center will typically cost between 2,000 to 5,000 IQD. Ensure the driver is aware of your destination, as the Citadel is a well-known landmark.

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Discover more about Kirkuk Citadel

Kirkuk Citadel, a prominent historical landmark in Kirkuk, Iraq, has been a silent witness to the ebb and flow of civilizations for millennia. Situated on a 40-meter-high artificial mound near the Khasa River, the citadel's origins are debated, with some historians attributing its construction to the Gutian people around 3,500 years ago, while others claim it was built by the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II between 884 and 858 BCE. Throughout its history, the citadel has served as a military stronghold, a royal residence, and a melting pot of cultures. King Seleucus I Nicator fortified it with 72 towers, and the Ottomans later left their mark on its walls. The citadel has been home to diverse ethnic groups, including Kurds, Turkmen, Assyrians, and Arabs, each contributing to its unique cultural fabric. Historical accounts mention visits by Timur in 1393 during his military expedition. Within the citadel's walls lie several significant structures, including the Great Mosque (possibly known as the Mosque of Virgin Mary), the Green Dome, the Prophet Daniel Mosque (believed to contain his tomb), the Al-Aryan Mosque, the Al-Qaysariyah Market, and the Chaldean Church. These religious sites hold importance for both Muslims and Christians, serving as places of pilgrimage and worship. The citadel has four main entrances, including the Stone Door and Bab al-Toub. In recent times, the Kirkuk Citadel has faced challenges, including damage from conflicts and neglect. In the late 1990s, Saddam Hussein launched a campaign to "beautify" the citadel, resulting in the forced removal of many Kurdish and Turkoman residents and the destruction of numerous houses. However, efforts are underway to restore the citadel and preserve its cultural heritage. In April 2021, the 42.5-hectare citadel site was added to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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