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Citadel of Erbil: A Timeless Mesopotamian Landmark

Explore the ancient Citadel of Erbil, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited settlements.

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The Citadel of Erbil, locally known as Qellat, is a historic, continuously inhabited settlement in the heart of Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. Rising dramatically from the city, this ancient tell offers a journey through millennia of Mesopotamian history and culture.

A brief summary to Citadel of Erbil

  • Erbil, Municipality One, Erbil Governorate, 44001, IQ
  • Visit website

Local tips

  • Wear comfortable shoes for walking on the Citadel's uneven terrain.
  • Visit during the cooler hours of the day, especially in summer.
  • Check the opening hours of specific museums or exhibitions within the Citadel, as they may vary.
  • Inquire about guided tours from local tour agencies or hotels for a more in-depth experience.
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Getting There

  • Walking

    From Erbil's city center, the Citadel is easily accessible on foot. Head north towards the prominent mound, and you'll find the main entrance near Erbil's Grand Bazaar. The walk is relatively short, allowing you to soak in the city's atmosphere along the way. No costs involved.

  • Taxi

    Taxis are readily available throughout Erbil. Simply ask your driver to take you to 'Qelat Erbil' (Citadel of Erbil). The ride from most central locations is short, typically costing between 4,000 to 6,000 IQD. Be sure to agree on the fare beforehand.

  • Public Transport

    While public transportation options are available, they may not be the most convenient for tourists. Mini-buses and shared taxis operate in the city, and locals can guide you to the nearest stop. However, taxis are generally a more straightforward option. Public transport costs are minimal, but can be difficult to navigate.

  • Driving

    If driving, free parking is available near the Citadel. Follow signs towards the Citadel, and you'll find designated parking areas close to the back entrance. Be aware that traffic can be heavy in the city center. Parking fees may apply.

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Discover more about Citadel of Erbil

The Citadel of Erbil, a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2014, stands as a remarkable testament to human civilization's enduring presence in Mesopotamia. This ancient tell, or settlement mound, rises 25 to 32 meters above the surrounding city, its oval shape covering over 10 hectares. Archaeological evidence suggests occupation dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC, possibly even earlier. Erbil's Citadel has been shaped by numerous empires and cultures, including Sumerians, Assyrians, Sassanians, Mongols, and Ottomans. Known in ancient times as Arbela, it was an important religious and political center, witnessing pivotal historical events. The Citadel's existing structures largely reflect its late Ottoman phase, characterized by a fan-like pattern of alleyways radiating from the main gate. Today, the Citadel is undergoing extensive restoration efforts to preserve its unique cultural heritage. Visitors can explore traditional courtyard houses, the Mulla Afandi Mosque, and the ancient hammam. The Kurdish Textile Museum showcases the region's rich textile traditions. Climbing to the Citadel's perimeter walls rewards visitors with panoramic views of Erbil's sprawling cityscape. While offering a glimpse into the past, the Citadel is also a place of ongoing discovery. Archaeological excavations continue to reveal layers of history buried beneath its surface, offering insights into the lives of those who called this place home for thousands of years.

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