Fontana Maggiore: A Medieval Masterpiece in Perugia

The Fontana Maggiore stands as the centerpiece of Piazza IV Novembre, the main square in Perugia. This exquisite fountain, a masterpiece of medieval sculpture, was erected between 1275 and 1278. Its construction celebrated the completion of an aqueduct that brought water from Monte Pacciano to the city. The fountain was designed by Fra Bevignate da Cingoli, with hydraulic engineering by Boninsegna Veneziano. The sculptures are the work of Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni. The fountain consists of two polygonal basins, one atop the other, both made of white and pink stone. The lower basin features bas-reliefs depicting scenes from the Old Testament, the founding of Rome, the months of the year with corresponding zodiac signs, the seven liberal arts, and personifications of Philosophy, as well as the Guelph lion and the Perugian griffin. The upper basin is adorned with 24 statues representing mythological figures and historical characters associated with Perugia. A bronze cup, crafted by Rubeus, sits atop the basins, crowned by a group of three bronze nymphs, representing the theological virtues. Throughout its history, the Fontana Maggiore has undergone several restorations, including after damage from an earthquake in 1348. The fountain not only served a decorative function but also symbolized Perugia's prosperity and engineering prowess in bringing water to the city. Today, it remains a focal point of city life and a testament to Perugia's rich artistic and cultural heritage.