Churchill Barriers, Orkney: Wartime Defences and Island Links
Historic WWII causeways in Orkney that safeguarded Scapa Flow and now link islands with a rich legacy of resilience and culture.
The Churchill Barriers are four historic causeways in Orkney, Scotland, built during World War II to protect the naval anchorage at Scapa Flow. Constructed between 1940 and 1944 on Winston Churchill’s orders, they blocked eastern approaches to prevent enemy submarines from entering. Today, they serve as vital road links connecting Orkney Mainland to South Ronaldsay via several islands, with two barriers listed as Category A for their national importance.
A brief summary to Churchill Barriers
- A961, Orkney, KW17 2RZ, GB
- Duration: 0.5 to 2 hours
- Free
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Outdoor
- Mobile reception: 4 out of 5
Local tips
- Visit the nearby Italian Chapel on Lamb Holm, built by the POWs who helped construct the barriers.
- Explore the underwater wrecks near the barriers, popular with divers interested in maritime history.
- Check weather conditions before visiting, as the area can be exposed to strong winds and rough seas.
- Use the barriers as a scenic driving route to explore multiple islands in Orkney.
- Learn about the barriers’ history at local museums such as the Fossil and Heritage Centre on Burray.
For the on-the-go comforts that matter to you
- Seating Areas
- Information Boards
Getting There
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Bus
Orkney's local bus services connect Kirkwall on the Mainland to South Ronaldsay, crossing the Churchill Barriers. The journey takes about 45 to 60 minutes. Buses run several times daily but check schedules seasonally. Tickets cost around £5–£8 one way.
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Car
Driving from Kirkwall to South Ronaldsay via the Churchill Barriers takes approximately 30 to 40 minutes. The route is on well-maintained roads with parking available near key sites. No tolls apply. Note that weather can affect driving conditions, especially in winter.
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Taxi
Taxis are available in Kirkwall for direct trips to the Churchill Barriers and surrounding islands. Travel time is about 30 to 40 minutes. Expect fares in the range of £30 to £50 depending on exact destination and time of day.
Churchill Barriers location weather suitability
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Any Weather
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Windy Conditions
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Rain / Wet Weather
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Clear Skies
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Cold Weather
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Mild Temperatures
Discover more about Churchill Barriers
Origins of the Churchill Barriers
The Churchill Barriers were conceived as a direct response to a tragic event early in World War II. In October 1939, the German U-Boat U-47 penetrated the existing naval defences at Scapa Flow, a major Royal Navy base, and sank the battleship HMS Royal Oak with heavy loss of life. This exposed the vulnerability of the harbour’s eastern entrances, which were protected only by sunken blockships and anti-submarine nets that proved inadequate. Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, ordered the construction of permanent causeways to seal off these channels and prevent further enemy incursions.Construction and Engineering Feats
Work began in May 1940 under contract to Balfour Beatty and continued until September 1944. The barriers link the Orkney Mainland to South Ronaldsay via the islands of Lamb Holm, Glimps Holm, and Burray. The foundations were built using gabions filled with around 250,000 tonnes of local broken rock, dropped into waters up to 18 metres deep from overhead cableways. These were covered with approximately 66,000 concrete blocks weighing five to ten tonnes each, arranged to form robust wave-breaks. The total length of the four causeways is about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 miles).Labour and the Italian POW Legacy
A significant labour force was required, peaking at over 2,000 workers. From early 1942, more than 1,300 Italian prisoners of war captured in North Africa were brought to Orkney to assist with construction. They were housed in camps on Lamb Holm and Burray. Despite initial resistance due to Geneva Convention concerns, the POWs contributed significantly to the project. One enduring legacy of their presence is the Italian Chapel on Lamb Holm, a beautifully decorated Catholic chapel created by the prisoners in their free time, now a cherished cultural landmark.Post-War Transformation and Current Use
Although built for military defence, the barriers were officially opened as public roads on 12 May 1945, just after Victory in Europe Day. They transformed local transport by linking several islands, replacing ferry services and enabling easier movement and economic integration. Over time, the barriers have been upgraded and maintained by local authorities. The southern two barriers have been designated Category A listed status, recognizing their national and international significance as historic structures.Environmental and Cultural Impact
The barriers altered the local environment, with the most southerly barrier blending into the landscape as dunes accumulated, effectively joining Burray and South Ronaldsay. The remaining blockships near the barriers have become popular dive sites, attracting visitors interested in maritime history. The barriers stand as a powerful reminder of Orkney’s strategic role in wartime and the resilience of its communities.Preservation and Challenges Ahead
In recent years, responsibility for the barriers passed from the Ministry of Defence to Orkney Islands Council. Climate change and increasingly severe weather have begun to affect the structures, with some sections at risk of deterioration. Ongoing conservation efforts aim to preserve the barriers both as vital transport links and as historic monuments reflecting a pivotal chapter in 20th-century military history.Iconic landmarks you can’t miss
Churchill Barriers
0.0 km
Historic WWII causeways in Orkney that safeguarded Scapa Flow and now link islands with a rich legacy of resilience and culture.
First Nations And Orcadian Totem Pole
0.3 km
A striking wooden monument in Orkney symbolizing friendship and shared heritage between First Nations and Orcadian cultures.
The Cannon
24.3 km
Historic cannon from an American privateer, set against the stunning backdrop of Stromness harbour’s maritime heritage.
John O'Groats Signpost
29.4 km
Britain's most iconic signpost marks the legendary endpoint of the 874-mile Land's End to John o' Groats journey.
Nybster Broch
39.5 km
Discover the enchanting Nybster Broch, an ancient Iron Age site in Scotland offering a unique glimpse into Pictish history amidst stunning coastal vistas.
Above and Beyond Tours
39.9 km
Discover the breathtaking landscapes of Caithness with Above and Beyond Tours, where adventure meets local expertise in Scotland's stunning north.
Mary Ann's Cottage
40.1 km
Explore the fascinating history of Caithness at Mary Ann's Cottage, a charming museum showcasing 19th-century life and culture.
Old Keiss Castle
41.3 km
Perched on Caithness cliffs, Old Keiss Castle’s dramatic ruins tell the tale of Sinclair nobility and Scotland’s turbulent history.
Quoyness Chambered Cairn
41.5 km
Discover the ancient mysteries of Quoyness Chambered Cairn, a Neolithic burial site on Sanday Island, Orkney, steeped in history and natural beauty.
Whitegate broch
41.8 km
An atmospheric Iron Age broch perched on a Caithness headland, offering dramatic sea views and a powerful sense of Scotland’s ancient past.
Dunnet Links: St. Coomb Chapel (6th century, former site))
43.0 km
Discover the ancient ruins of St. Coomb Chapel, a 6th-century site near Castletown that reveals Scotland’s early Christian heritage.
Castlehill Heritage Centre
43.3 km
Discover the captivating history and culture of Castletown at the Castlehill Heritage Centre, a unique museum in the heart of the Scottish Highlands.
Harold’s Tower
47.1 km
Discover the charm and history of Harold's Tower in Thurso, a stunning heritage site offering breathtaking views and rich cultural significance.
Reiss Sands
47.4 km
Discover the tranquil beauty of Reiss Sands, a pristine public beach near Wick, perfect for relaxation and exploration amidst Scotland's stunning coastline.
Westray Heritage Trust
47.4 km
Explore Westray Heritage Trust, where history comes alive in the beautiful Orkney Islands, showcasing the island's rich culture and traditions.
Unmissable attractions to see
Causeway
1.3 km
Historic WWII causeway built by Italian POWs, linking Orkney islands with stunning coastal views and rich heritage.
Orkney Fossil & Heritage Centre
4.0 km
Explore Orkney’s ancient fossils, wartime history, and island heritage at this engaging centre on Burray.
Roseness Walk
4.1 km
Experience Orkney’s rugged coastal beauty and tranquil wildlife on the easy, scenic Roseness Walk near Cornquoy.
Burn of Sutherland
5.0 km
Discover the peaceful Burn of Sutherland, a pristine Highland stream nestled in Orkney’s wild and historic landscape.
Viking Totem pole
5.6 km
A striking Viking-themed carved wooden pole on Burray’s beach, celebrating Orkney’s Norse heritage through local artistry.
Sheila Fleet Kirk Gallery & Café
7.5 km
Handcrafted Orkney jewellery in a restored church, where ancient enamelling techniques meet contemporary design.
Scapa Beach
8.7 km
Discover the tranquil beauty and rich maritime history of Scapa Beach, a scenic coastal gem near Kirkwall in Orkney.
Highland Park Whisky Distillery
9.0 km
Explore the northernmost Scotch whisky distillery, blending Viking heritage and Orkney’s unique peat smoke into world-renowned single malts.
Bishop’s and Earl's Palaces
10.4 km
Explore Kirkwall’s medieval and Renaissance palaces where Norse kings and notorious earls shaped Orkney’s history.
St Magnus Cathedral
10.5 km
Explore Scotland’s oldest cathedral, a stunning medieval masterpiece and spiritual heart of Orkney, rich with Norse history and vibrant cultural life.
The Tankerness House
10.5 km
Explore Orkney’s rich history in the stunning 16th-century Tankerness House, home to the internationally significant Orkney Museum.
The Orkney Museum
10.5 km
Discover Orkney’s story from ancient times to today in the historic Tankerness House, home to nationally significant archaeology and vibrant cultural exhibits.
Badly Drawn Cat
10.6 km
A cozy vegan café and art gallery in Kirkwall blending plant-based delights with local creativity and friendly charm.
Spirit of Orkney
10.7 km
Explore the historic heart of Kirkwall where Orkney’s rich Norse heritage and vibrant local culture come alive.
Orkney Wireless Museum
10.8 km
Explore a century of wireless communication and wartime heritage in Orkney’s volunteer-run museum with interactive exhibits and rare memorabilia.
Essential places to dine
The Sands Hotel, Orkney
5.6 km
A welcoming coastal retreat on Burray Island with stunning sea views, excellent dining, and warm hospitality in the heart of Orkney.
The Murray Arms Hotel & Seafood Restaurant
8.3 km
Historic charm meets fresh seafood in Orkney’s welcoming Murray Arms Hotel, a cozy coastal retreat in St Margaret's Hope.
The Foveran
9.4 km
A family-run British restaurant with rooms offering exquisite local cuisine and stunning countryside views in Kirkwall, Orkney.
Sakura Kitchen
10.0 km
Authentic Japanese takeaway in Kirkwall with weekly-changing menus and ceremonial matcha from Kyoto.
Happy Haddock
10.4 km
Classic Orkney fish and chips with friendly service and hearty portions in the heart of Kirkwall.
The Orkney Hotel
10.4 km
Historic charm meets cosy comfort and local hospitality in the heart of Kirkwall at The Orkney Hotel.
Lucano
10.4 km
Experience authentic Italian flavors and warm hospitality in the heart of Kirkwall at Lucano, a beloved local restaurant and pizzeria.
Empire Chinese Restaurant
10.5 km
A reliable, family-friendly Chinese restaurant in central Kirkwall, serving generous portions of classic dishes in a relaxed setting.
The Storehouse Restaurant with Rooms
10.6 km
A boutique dining and accommodation gem in Kirkwall blending historic charm with world-class local cuisine and cozy rooms.
Trenabies Cafe Bistro
10.7 km
Cozy cafe and bistro in Kirkwall offering hearty local dishes, great coffee, and friendly service in a welcoming atmosphere.
Twenty One
10.7 km
A vibrant Kirkwall hotspot serving unique tapas and expertly crafted cocktails in a stylish, welcoming setting.
Pomona Cafe
10.7 km
A cozy, traditional Kirkwall cafe serving hearty breakfasts and warm hospitality in the heart of Orkney’s capital.
Bothy Bar
10.7 km
Experience the warmth of Bothy Bar in Kirkwall – where delicious food meets delightful drinks in a cozy atmosphere.
Busters Diner
10.7 km
A cozy American-style diner in Kirkwall serving hearty comfort food with British influences and local Orkney beers in a relaxed setting.
Dil Se Restaurant
10.8 km
Experience authentic North Indian and Bangladeshi flavors in Kirkwall’s award-winning Dil Se Restaurant, blending tradition with local freshness.
Markets, malls and hidden boutiques
Celina Rupp Jewellery
0.5 km
Handcrafted Orkney jewellery and café where island stories become wearable art.
Workshop & Loft Gallery
8.3 km
Discover authentic Orcadian knitwear, crafts, and art in the welcoming Workshop & Loft Gallery of St Margaret's Hope.
Deerness Stores
9.2 km
Explore the charming Deerness Stores in Orkney for local goods and delightful snacks, embodying the spirit of island life.
The Original Orkney Hamper Company
10.2 km
Discover authentic Orkney flavors and handcrafted gifts in charming hampers from Kirkwall’s beloved local shop.
Orkney Tweed
10.4 km
Discover authentic Orkney tweed craftsmanship in Kirkwall’s charming boutique, where tradition meets sustainable artisan quality.
Blue Joe's
10.5 km
Discover authentic Orkney crafts and unique souvenirs at Blue Joe's, Kirkwall’s charming gift shop full of local treasures and stories.
Judith Glue
10.5 km
Discover Kirkwall’s charming Aladdin’s Cave of local gifts, knitwear, and jewellery at Judith Glue, a beloved hub of Orcadian craftsmanship since 1976.
The Longship
10.6 km
Discover Orkney’s rich heritage through timeless jewellery, knitwear, and crafts at Kirkwall’s family-run Longship shop.
Aurora Jewellery
10.6 km
Discover exquisite hand-crafted jewellery inspired by Orkney’s heritage and landscapes at Aurora Jewellery in Kirkwall.
Starlings
10.6 km
Discover authentic Orcadian gifts and crafts at Starlings, a charming boutique shop in Kirkwall’s historic heart.
Logo Orkney
10.6 km
Explore Logo Orkney for unique clothing and authentic Orkney-themed souvenirs, perfect for capturing your travel memories.
Kairds
10.6 km
Discover unique gifts and local crafts that capture the spirit of Orkney at Kairds, Kirkwall’s beloved gift shop on Albert Street.
Poundstretcher
10.7 km
Discover unbeatable value and variety at Poundstretcher Kirkwall, your go-to discount store in the heart of Orkney’s town center.
The Orcadian Bookshop
10.7 km
Discover Orkney’s stories and culture at The Orcadian Bookshop, Kirkwall’s independent literary gem in the historic city centre.
St Colms Cafe & Crafts
10.7 km
A cozy Kirkwall café and crafts shop offering homemade treats and unique handcrafted garden furniture and cards.
Essential bars & hidden hideouts
Robertsons Coffeehoose & Bar
8.3 km
A warm, family-run coffeehouse and bar in historic St Margaret's Hope, serving traditional fare, local drinks, and inclusive menus in a charming setting.
The West End Guest House
10.2 km
A peaceful, centrally located guest house in Kirkwall offering simple comforts and easy access to Orkney’s historic heart.
Royal Cask Whisky Gin Bar
10.4 km
Discover Kirkwall’s historic Royal Cask Whisky Gin Bar, home to over 1,000 whiskies, 160 gins, and authentic Orcadian hospitality in a 350-year-old setting.
Auld Motor Hoose
10.7 km
A cozy Kirkwall pub blending automotive nostalgia with friendly service and local ales in a lively, welcoming atmosphere.
The Neuk
10.7 km
A warm and lively pub-restaurant in Kirkwall offering fresh local fare, historic charm, and a vibrant live music scene.
Torvhaug
10.8 km
A lively Kirkwall pub on Bridge Street, Torvhaug offers local whiskys, cozy vibes, and a vibrant atmosphere beloved by locals and visitors alike.
Skippers
10.8 km
Kirkwall’s vibrant sports bar serving local brews, hearty pub fare, and live games in a welcoming, dog-friendly atmosphere.
Highland Park Bar
10.8 km
A cozy Kirkwall bar serving an extensive range of Highland Park whiskies and local drinks in a warm, inviting atmosphere within the Kirkwall Hotel.
Oot The Back
10.8 km
Discover Kirkwall’s cozy outdoor garden bar with heated booths, local gins, and a relaxed atmosphere behind Orkney Distilling.
Ayre Hotel & Apartments
10.9 km
Comfortable harbor-side hotel with a lively bar, friendly staff, and easy access to Kirkwall’s historic center.
The Taversoe
27.5 km
A cozy 3-star inn on Rousay offering spacious rooms, local cuisine, and stunning sea views in a warm, welcoming atmosphere.
The Mey Hotel
34.4 km
Experience warm Highland hospitality, hearty Scottish fare, and cozy comfort at The Mey Hotel in scenic Thurso.
Dunnet Bay Escapes
39.9 km
Luxurious coastal retreat with stunning Dunnet Bay views, gourmet breakfasts, and serene hot tub relaxation in the heart of the Scottish Highlands.
The Belsair
41.3 km
A cozy gastropub and guesthouse on Sanday offering fresh local seafood, comfortable rooms, and authentic island hospitality.
The Village Inn
41.9 km
A cozy Highland village pub offering hearty meals, real ales, and warm hospitality in the scenic community of Keiss.
Nightclubs & after hour spots
The Orkney Club
10.8 km
A welcoming social hub in Kirkwall offering lively evening entertainment and a friendly community atmosphere in the heart of Orkney.
Skinandi's Nightclub
49.1 km
Experience the vibrant nightlife at Skinandi's, the northernmost nightclub on Scotland’s mainland with two bars and two dance floors.
The Waterfront
51.3 km
Wick's vibrant nightlife heart with a lively dance floor, diverse music, and a welcoming atmosphere on the scenic Shore.
For the vibe & atmosphere seeker
- Scenic
- Relaxing
- Historic
- Unique
For the design and aesthetic lover
- Rustic Designs
For the architecture buff
- Historic
- Landmarks
For the view chaser and sunset hunter
- Iconic Views
- Waterfront
- Sunset Spots
For the social media creator & influencer
- Instagrammable
- Photo Spots
- Selfie Spots
For the eco-conscious traveler
- Public-Transport Accessible
- Locally Managed
For the kind of experience you’re after
- Cultural Heritage
- Photowalk
- Day Trip
- Weekend Getaway
For how adventurous you want the journey to be
- Easy Access
Location Audience
- Family Friendly
- Senior Friendly
- Child Friendly
- Teen Friendly
- Wheelchair Access
- Pet Friendly
- Couple Friendly
- Solo Friendly
- Vegetarian Friendly
- Vegan Friendly
