Puglia: The Heel of Italy's Boot

• HelloCiao
  [chow]
• GoodbyeArrivederci
  [ah-ree-veh-dehr-chee]
• YesSì
  [see]
• NoNo
  [noh]
• Please/You're welcomePer favore/Prego
  [pehr fah-voh-reh/preh-goh]
• Thank youGrazie
  [grah-tsyeh]
• Excuse me/SorryMi scusi/Scusa
  [mee skoo-see/skoo-sah]
• How are you?Come stai?
  [koh-meh stah-ee]
• Fine. And you?Bene. E tu?
  [beh-neh. eh too]
• Do you speak English?Parli inglese?
  [pahr-lee een-gleh-zeh]
• I don't understandNon capisco
  [nohn kah-pee-skoh]

• I'd like to see the menu, pleaseVorrei vedere il menu, per favore
  [vohr-ray veh-deh-reh eel meh-noo, pehr fah-voh-reh]
• I don't eat meatNon mangio carne
  [nohn mahn-joh kahr-neh]
• Cheers!Salute!
  [sah-loo-teh]
• I would like to pay, pleaseVorrei pagare, per favore
  [vohr-ray pah-gah-reh, pehr fah-voh-reh]

• Help!Aiuto!
  [ah-yoo-toh]
• Go away!Vai via!
  [vah-ee vee-ah]
• Call the Police!Chiama la polizia!
  [kee-ah-mah lah poh-lee-tsya]
• Call a doctor!Chiama un dottore!
  [kee-ah-mah oon doh-toh-reh]
• I'm lostMi sono perso
  [mee soh-noh pehr-soh]
• I'm illSto male
  [stoh mah-leh]

• I'd like to buy...Vorrei comprare...
  [vohr-ray kohm-prah-reh]
• I'm just lookingSto solo guardando
  [stoh soh-loh gwar-dahn-doh]
• How much is it?Quanto costa?
  [kwahn-toh koh-stah]
• That's too expensiveÈ troppo caro
  [eh troh-ppo kah-roh]
• Can you lower the price?Puoi abbassare il prezzo?
  [pwoy ahb-bahs-sah-reh eel preh-tsoh]

• What time is it?Che ora è?
  [keh oh-rah eh]
• It's one o'clockÈ l'una
  [eh loo-nah]
• Half past (10)Sono le dieci e mezza
  [soh-noh leh dyeh-chee eh meht-zah]
• MorningMattina
  [mah-tee-nah]
• AfternoonPomeriggio
  [poh-meh-ree-joh]
• EveningSera
  [seh-rah]
• YesterdayIeri
  [yeh-ree]
• TodayOggi
  [oh-jee]
• TomorrowDomani
  [doh-mah-nee]
• 1Uno
  [oo-noh]
• 2Due
  [doo-eh]
• 3Tre
  [treh]
• 4Quattro
  [kwah-troh]
• 5Cinque
  [cheen-kweh]
• 6Sei
  [say]
• 7Sette
  [seht-teh]
• 8Otto
  [oh-ttoh]
• 9Nove
  [noh-veh]
• 10Dieci
  [dyeh-chee]

• Where's a/the...?Dov'è un/il...?
  [doh-veh oon/eel]
• What's the address?Qual è l'indirizzo?
  [kwahl eh leen-dee-ree-tsoh]
• Can you show me (on the map)?Puoi mostrarmi (nella mappa)?
  [pwoy mohs-trar-mee (neh-lah mahp-pah)]
• When's the next (bus)?Quando passa il prossimo (autobus)?
  [kwahn-doh pahs-sah eel prohs-see-moh (ow-toh-boos)]
• A ticket (to ....)Un biglietto (per ....)
  [oon beel-lyet-toh (pehr)]

The Messapians were the ancient inhabitants of Puglia, also known as Apulia in ancient times. They settled in the region around the 6th century BCE and are believed to have been of Illyrian origin. The Messapians established several important cities, including Brindisi and Lecce, which became cultural and economic hubs. Their unique language and artifacts provide a fascinating glimpse into the pre-Roman history of Puglia.

During the 8th century BCE, Greek settlers founded colonies along the coast of Puglia, significantly influencing the region's culture and architecture. The city of Taranto, originally named Taras, was among the most prominent Greek colonies. It became a major center of trade and culture, known for its impressive temples and public buildings, many of which still stand today as a testament to its historical significance.

Puglia became part of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century BCE after the Roman Republic's conquest of the region. The Romans recognized Puglia's strategic importance and developed extensive road networks, including the famous Via Appia and Via Traiana, which facilitated trade and military movement. The region flourished under Roman rule, with the construction of amphitheaters, aqueducts, and villas that can still be explored today.

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Puglia came under Byzantine control in the 6th century CE. This period saw the rise of important religious and cultural centers, including the city of Otranto. The Byzantine influence is still evident in Puglia's art and architecture, particularly in the region's churches and mosaics, which reflect the blend of Eastern and Western traditions.

In the 11th century, Puglia was conquered by the Normans, who established the County of Apulia. Under Norman rule, the region saw the construction of numerous castles and cathedrals, such as the impressive Castello Svevo in Bari and the Cathedral of Trani. The Normans also played a crucial role in the Crusades, using Puglia as a launching point for expeditions to the Holy Land.

Puglia experienced significant development under the rule of the Hohenstaufen (Swabian) dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, built several castles in the region, including the iconic Castel del Monte, renowned for its unique octagonal design. Following the Swabians, the Angevins took control in the late 13th century, further enriching Puglia's architectural heritage with Gothic influences.

From the late 15th century to the early 18th century, Puglia was under Aragonese and later Spanish rule. During this period, the region faced frequent Ottoman raids, leading to the construction of defensive towers and fortifications along the coastline. The Spanish influence is evident in Puglia's baroque architecture, particularly in cities like Lecce, which is often referred to as the 'Florence of the South' due to its stunning baroque buildings.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Puglia was part of the Kingdom of Naples under Bourbon rule. This period saw economic and social reforms, although the region remained largely agricultural and underdeveloped. Puglia played a role in the Italian unification movement (Risorgimento), with local uprisings contributing to the eventual unification of Italy in 1861. The region's history during this time is marked by a struggle for modernization and integration into the new Italian state.

In the 20th century, Puglia experienced significant changes, including industrialization, urbanization, and the development of its tourism industry. The region is now known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and delicious cuisine. Modern Puglia continues to celebrate its historical roots through festivals, preservation of historical sites, and promotion of traditional crafts and food, making it a vibrant and dynamic destination for travelers.

Puglia is well-connected by air, rail, and road. The main airports are Bari Karol Wojtyla Airport (BRI) and Brindisi Salento Airport (BDS), which offer both domestic and international flights. From the airport, you can take a taxi, shuttle bus, or rent a car to reach your destination. Puglia is also accessible by train, with major cities like Bari, Lecce, and Brindisi connected to other parts of Italy via Trenitalia. If you're driving, the A14 and A16 motorways provide convenient routes to Puglia.

Public transportation in Puglia includes buses and trains, which are efficient and cover most major towns and cities. The Ferrovie del Sud Est operates regional trains and buses that connect smaller towns. Renting a car is highly recommended for exploring the countryside and coastal areas at your own pace. Taxis are available but can be expensive, so it's advisable to agree on the fare before starting your journey. Biking is another great option, especially for short distances.

The official currency in Puglia is the Euro (€). Credit cards are widely accepted in hotels, restaurants, and shops, but it's wise to carry some cash, especially in smaller towns and rural areas. ATMs are readily available in cities and towns. Tipping is not obligatory but is appreciated; rounding up the bill or leaving a small tip for good service is customary.

Puglia is generally a safe region for tourists. However, as with any destination, it's important to stay vigilant. Avoid poorly lit areas at night and be cautious in crowded places to prevent pickpocketing. Some areas in larger cities like Bari and Brindisi can have higher crime rates, so it's best to stick to well-populated areas, especially after dark.

In case of an emergency, dial 112 for police, fire, or medical assistance. Hospitals and clinics are available in major cities and towns. It's advisable to have travel insurance that covers medical emergencies. Pharmacies (Farmacia) are widespread and can provide over-the-counter medications and advice for minor health issues.

Fashion: Do dress smartly and modestly, especially when visiting religious sites. Avoid overly casual attire like flip-flops and swimwear outside the beach. Religion: Do respect religious customs; cover your shoulders and knees when entering churches. Public Transport: Do validate your ticket before boarding trains and buses. Don't eat or drink on public transport. Greetings: Do greet people with a polite 'Buongiorno' (Good morning) or 'Buonasera' (Good evening). A handshake is common. Eating & Drinking: Do try local specialties and wines. Don't rush meals; dining is a leisurely experience in Puglia.

To experience Puglia like a local, visit the weekly markets where you can buy fresh produce, cheese, and handicrafts. Engage with locals, who are often friendly and willing to share insights about their culture. Don't miss the opportunity to explore the Trulli houses in Alberobello, the Sassi caves in Matera, and the stunning coastline. For an authentic experience, participate in local festivals and try traditional dishes like orecchiette pasta and burrata cheese.