The Caterthuns: Majestic Iron Age Hillforts of Angus

Ancient Origins and Archaeological Significance

The Caterthuns, comprising the Brown and White Caterthuns, are among Scotland’s most impressive Iron Age hill forts. Radiocarbon dating places their construction between 700 BC and 200 BC, although artefacts suggest earlier Neolithic and Bronze Age activity at the White Caterthun site. These forts showcase a range of defensive earthworks, including ramparts, ditches, and palisades, revealing a sophisticated understanding of fortification techniques. Excavations have uncovered evidence of multiple phases of construction, burning, and rebuilding, indicating their long-term importance and evolving use.

Distinctive Features of the Brown and White Caterthuns

The Brown Caterthun is characterized by four earth ramparts and ditches and is notable for its nine entrances, which may indicate a ceremonial or social function rather than purely military defense. Excavations found little evidence of permanent occupation here. In contrast, the White Caterthun is dominated by a massive stone-built oblong fort with vitrified walls—stones fused by intense heat—suggesting deliberate burning events. Within its enclosure are remains of roundhouses, rectangular enclosures, and a deep rock-cut cistern, pointing to a well-defended and possibly inhabited settlement.

Landscape and Panoramic Views

Situated on adjacent hills overlooking the fertile Strathmore valley, the Caterthuns command sweeping views across Angus and towards the Cairngorm Mountains. The site’s elevated position not only provided strategic advantages in the Iron Age but today offers visitors breathtaking panoramas of the pastoral landscape. The terrain includes heather-covered paths and some uneven ground, requiring sturdy footwear for exploration. The proximity of the two forts, about one kilometre apart, allows for an engaging walk between them, immersing visitors in both natural beauty and ancient history.

Interpretations and Cultural Significance

The exact purpose of the Caterthuns remains debated. Their extensive earthworks and multiple entrances suggest a blend of military, ceremonial, and social functions. The Brown Caterthun’s permeability contrasts with the White Caterthun’s formidable vitrified walls, implying different roles or statuses within the complex. The repeated burning and rebuilding of ramparts hint at ritualistic or symbolic practices. Together, these twin forts likely formed a single complex with dual summits, reflecting the complexity of Iron Age societies in Scotland.

Visitor Experience and Surroundings

Visitors to the Caterthuns can explore the remains of these ancient hill forts while enjoying the tranquility and natural environment of northern Angus. The site is accessible by a short walk from a parking bay near the White Caterthun, with paths offering views of both forts and the surrounding countryside. The area is rich in flora and fauna, appealing to nature lovers and bird watchers. Nearby attractions include historic Brechin, Edzell Castle, and the Caledonian Railway, providing a well-rounded cultural visit.

Preservation and Continuing Research

Managed as a historic environment site, the Caterthuns continue to be the focus of archaeological study and conservation efforts. Their preservation allows insight into prehistoric Scotland’s social and defensive structures. Interpretive efforts help communicate the site’s significance, ensuring that this ancient heritage remains accessible for future generations to explore and appreciate.