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Brough of Birsay: Ancient Tidal Island of Pictish and Norse Heritage

Explore a tidal island rich with Pictish symbols, Viking ruins, medieval churches, and vibrant seabird colonies including puffins.

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The Brough of Birsay is a tidal island off Orkney's north coast, accessible only at low tide. It features remarkable archaeological remains from Pictish, Norse, and medieval settlements dating from the 7th to the 13th centuries. Visitors explore ruins of Viking houses, a monastery, and a replica Pictish symbol stone, all set amid dramatic cliffs and abundant seabird colonies including puffins.

A brief summary to Brough of Birsay

Local tips

  • Check tide times carefully before visiting to ensure safe access to the island via the causeway.
  • Wear sturdy, waterproof footwear as the terrain is uneven and can be slippery.
  • Bring binoculars or a camera with zoom to enjoy watching puffins and other seabirds on the cliffs.
  • Allow at least 2 to 3 hours to fully explore the ruins, lighthouse, and natural surroundings.
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Getting There

  • Car

    Drive to the car park at Point of Buckquoy near Birsay, approximately 25 minutes from Kirkwall. Parking is free but limited. From here, follow the causeway to the island at low tide. Note that the causeway is uneven and can be slippery.

  • Bus

    Take the local bus service from Kirkwall to Birsay, which takes around 45 to 60 minutes. From the bus stop, walk about 1.5 km to the causeway access point. Check bus schedules as services may be infrequent.

  • Walking

    For experienced walkers, a scenic 5 km coastal hike from Birsay village to the Brough of Birsay car park offers stunning views. The terrain includes uneven paths and rocky sections, requiring good footwear and moderate fitness.

Brough of Birsay location weather suitability

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Discover more about Brough of Birsay

Layers of History on a Tidal Island

The Brough of Birsay is a unique tidal island located off the north coast of Mainland Orkney, Scotland. Its archaeological significance spans over six centuries, with evidence of continuous settlement from the Pictish period in the 7th century through to the Norse occupation and medieval times up to the 13th century. The island's name reflects its defensive nature, derived from Old Norse 'borg' meaning fort, highlighting its strategic importance in the region.

Traces of Pictish Power

The earliest inhabitants were Picts, Scotland’s indigenous people, who left behind remarkable artefacts including brooches, rings, and bone combs, indicating skilled metalworking and craftsmanship. The most iconic remnant is a replica of the Pictish symbol stone found on the island, adorned with mysterious carvings such as an eagle, crescent and V-rod, and a ‘swimming elephant’. Though the original stone is housed in the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, the replica offers a tangible link to this enigmatic culture.

The Norse Settlement and Religious Heritage

From the 9th century, Norse settlers inhabited the island, building houses, barns, and even a sauna, the remains of which are still visible. The Brough also hosted a Romanesque church and monastery, possibly founded by Thorfinn ‘the Mighty’, Earl of Orkney, who made Birsay his seat in the 11th century. The church of St Peter on the island featured sophisticated architecture with a square tower and glazed windows. This place was a significant religious centre, with ties to St Magnus, whose body was once held here after his murder in 1117.

Natural Beauty and Wildlife

Beyond its rich history, the Brough of Birsay offers stunning natural scenery. Dramatic cliffs plunge into the Atlantic Ocean, providing a habitat for a variety of seabirds. The island is renowned as one of the best puffin-watching spots in Orkney during the spring and summer months. The coastal machair supports diverse wildflowers, adding seasonal color and attracting nature enthusiasts and birdwatchers alike.

Visitor Experience and Access

Access to the island is only possible at low tide via a causeway, making timing crucial for a safe visit. The terrain is rugged and involves some scrambling over rocky areas, so sturdy footwear is recommended. Although the visitor centre is currently closed, visitors can still explore the extensive ruins and enjoy panoramic views from the small lighthouse perched atop the island’s crest. The site is free to visit year-round, but tide times must be checked carefully to avoid being stranded.

Legacy and Cultural Significance

The Brough of Birsay stands as a testament to Orkney’s layered history and cultural evolution, from Pictish craftsmanship to Norse settlement and medieval ecclesiastical power. It illustrates the peaceful coexistence and transition between cultures and remains a vital archaeological and natural landmark, offering insights into early Scottish history and the Viking Age.

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