The Founding of Paphos
Paphos, known as Kato Paphos in its lower part, traces its origins back to the Neolithic period. According to legend, Paphos was founded by Pygmalion, the mythical king of Cyprus, and named after his daughter, Paphos. The city later developed under the influence of the Mycenaean Greeks during the 12th century BC, who brought with them their culture and traditions.
Aphrodite's Birthplace
Kato Paphos is intrinsically linked to the worship of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty. According to mythology, Aphrodite was born from the sea foam near Paphos, and the city became a major center for her cult. The Sanctuary of Aphrodite, located in nearby Kouklia, was one of the most important religious sites in the ancient world, attracting pilgrims from across the Mediterranean.
Hellenistic and Roman Eras
During the Hellenistic period, Paphos became the capital of Cyprus under the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. This era saw significant urban development, including the construction of impressive public buildings and infrastructure. The city continued to flourish under Roman rule, becoming a major administrative center. Notable Roman-era landmarks include the House of Dionysos and the House of Theseus, renowned for their intricate mosaics.
Early Christian and Byzantine Periods
Kato Paphos played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity. Saint Paul is said to have visited the city around 45 AD, converting the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus to Christianity. The city boasts several early Christian basilicas, such as the Panagia Chrysopolitissa Basilica, which was built in the 4th century. During the Byzantine period, Paphos remained an important religious and cultural hub.
Medieval and Ottoman Periods
Following the Byzantine era, Paphos fell under the control of the Crusaders, the Lusignans, and later the Venetians. The medieval period saw the construction of fortifications and castles, such as the Paphos Castle, which still stands today. In 1570, the city was captured by the Ottoman Empire, marking the beginning of a new era. Under Ottoman rule, Paphos experienced a decline in its strategic and economic importance.
British Colonial Era and Modern Times
In 1878, Cyprus came under British administration, leading to significant infrastructural and administrative changes. Paphos was modernized with new roads, schools, and public buildings. Following Cyprus’s independence in 1960, Kato Paphos transformed into a popular tourist destination, celebrated for its rich historical heritage and archaeological sites. The city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, recognizing its cultural and historical significance.