Origins and Early History
Cascais, located on the western edge of the Lisbon District, has roots dating back to the Paleolithic era. The area was first inhabited by ancient tribes who lived off the sea and the fertile lands surrounding it. Archaeological finds indicate that the Phoenicians and later the Romans also established settlements here, utilizing its strategic coastal position.
The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Cascais was a small fishing village under the protection of the Portuguese Crown. The village's importance grew due to its location along the coast, becoming a significant point for maritime expeditions and trade. In the 12th century, Cascais was granted the status of a town (vila) by King Afonso Henriques, Portugal's first monarch.
The Age of Discoveries
The 15th and 16th centuries marked the Age of Discoveries, and Cascais played a crucial role as a port for ships setting off to explore new worlds. The town saw an influx of wealth and influence as a result of its maritime significance. Notably, King John II ordered the construction of the Cascais Fortress to protect the town from pirate attacks and foreign invasions.
17th and 18th Century Developments
The 17th and 18th centuries were periods of transformation for Cascais. The town was affected by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which caused significant damage. However, the rebuilding efforts led to modernization, including the construction of new public buildings and improved infrastructure. The Cascais Citadel was expanded during this time to bolster the town's defenses.
Royal Influence in the 19th Century
The 19th century saw Cascais become a favored retreat for the Portuguese royal family. King Luís I established his summer residence at the Cascais Citadel, bringing nobility and high society to the town. This royal patronage spurred the development of luxurious villas, gardens, and the first lighthouse in Cascais, the Santa Marta Lighthouse, enhancing the town's prestige.
20th Century and Modern Era
In the 20th century, Cascais underwent significant changes, transforming from a royal retreat into a popular tourist destination. The development of transportation infrastructure, including the railway connection to Lisbon, made it more accessible. Cascais also played a role during World War II as a refuge for exiled European royalty and prominent figures. Today, the town is celebrated for its blend of historical charm, cultural attractions, and scenic beauty.