All Hallows by the Tower: London's Oldest Church Steeped in History

Ancient Origins and Enduring Legacy

Founded in 675 AD by Erkenwald, Bishop of London, All Hallows by the Tower is recognized as the oldest church in the City of London. Originally established as a chapel for the Abbey of Barking, its land was granted under Abbess Æthelburh, Erkenwald's sister. The church was built atop Roman remains, with archaeological discoveries including Roman pavements and stonework visible today. A Saxon arch, uncovered after World War II bomb damage, hints at the church's early medieval origins, though its exact dating ranges from the 7th to the 11th century.

Architectural Evolution and Historical Significance

The church has undergone multiple rebuilds and expansions from the 11th to 15th centuries, incorporating Norman, medieval, and Tudor architectural elements. Its 17th-century red brick tower, rebuilt in 1659 after a devastating gunpowder explosion nearby, is the only surviving City of London church tower from the Commonwealth period. The church narrowly escaped destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666 thanks to Admiral William Penn, who ordered surrounding buildings demolished to create a firebreak. Samuel Pepys famously watched the fire from the church tower.

Witness to Turbulent Times and Notable Burials

All Hallows’ proximity to the Tower of London made it a temporary resting place for many executed prisoners, including Sir Thomas More, Archbishop John Fisher, and Archbishop William Laud. The church also served as a royal chantry chapel under Edward IV. The crypt contains relics such as fragments of 11th-century stone crosses and medieval monuments, reflecting its rich religious and social history.

Survival Through War and Restoration

During World War II, the church suffered severe damage from bombings in the Blitz, with only the walls and tower remaining intact. It was rebuilt and rededicated in 1957, incorporating reclaimed Roman and medieval materials. A melted piece of lead preserved inside serves as a poignant reminder of the wartime destruction. The church remains a working place of worship and the guild church of Toc H, an international Christian movement founded by Reverend Philip 'Tubby' Clayton, its vicar from 1922 to 1962.

The Crypt Museum and Visitor Experience

Beneath the church lies the Crypt Museum, home to an impressive collection of Roman and Saxon artifacts, including a perfectly preserved Roman floor and ancient parish registers dating back to the 16th century. Visitors can explore the layers of London’s history through these tangible remnants. Volunteer guides offer tours on weekdays, sharing fascinating stories from the church's Saxon origins to its modern-day role.

Maritime Connections and Cultural Heritage

Known as the seafarers’ church, All Hallows has strong ties to the Port of London Authority and maritime history. The Lady Chapel contains the tomb of Alderman John Croke, restored after war damage. The church’s enduring presence beside the Tower of London makes it a unique landmark, blending spiritual significance with centuries of London’s evolving urban tapestry.