Edinburgh: The Jewel of Scotland

• HelloHullo
  [həˈləʊ]
• GoodbyeCheerio
  [tʃɪəˈriːəʊ]
• YesAye
  [aɪ]
• NoNaw
  [nɔː]
• Please/You're welcomePlease/Ye're welcome
  [pliːz/jər ˈwɛlkəm]
• Thank youCheers
  [tʃɪəz]
• Excuse me/SorryPardon/Sorry
  [ˈpɑːdən/ˈsɒri]
• How are you?Hoo are ye?
  [huː ər jə]
• Fine. And you?Awricht. An' you?
  [ˈɛːraɪt. ən juː]
• Do you speak English?Dae ye speak Scots?
  [deɪ jə spiːk skɒts]
• I don't understandAh dinnae ken
  [ə dɪnɪ ken]

• I'd like to see the menu, pleaseI'd like tae see the menu, please
  [aɪd laɪk tə siː ðə ˈmɛnjuː pliːz]
• I don't eat meatAh dinnae eat meat
  [ə dɪnɪt iːt miːt]
• Cheers!Slàinte!
  [ʃlɑːntʃə]
• I would like to pay, pleaseI wid like tae pay, please
  [aɪ wʊd laɪk tə peɪ pliːz]

• Help!Help!
  [hɛlp]
• Go away!Gae awa!
  [ɡeɪ əˈweɪ]
• Call the Police!Ca' the Polis!
  [kɔː ðə ˈpɒlɪs]
• Call a doctor!Ca' a doctor!
  [kɔː ə ˈdɒktər]
• I'm lostAh'm tint
  [əm tɪnt]
• I'm illAh'm no weel
  [əm nəʊ wiːl]

• I'd like to buy...I'd like tae buy...
  [aɪd laɪk tə baɪ]
• I'm just lookingAh'm juist haein a keek
  [əm dʒʌst hɛɪn ə kiːk]
• How much is it?Hoo muckle is it?
  [huː ˈmʌkəl ɪz ɪt]
• That's too expensiveThat's ower pricey
  [ðats aʊər ˈpraɪsi]
• Can you lower the price?Can ye gie's a guid price?
  [kæn jiː ɡiːz ə gʊd praɪs]

• What time is it?Fit time is it?
  [fɪt taɪm ɪz ɪt]
• It's one o'clockIt's yin o'clock
  [ɪts jɪn əˈklɒk]
• Half past (10)Hauf past (10)
  [hɑf pæst (10)]
• MorningMornin
  [ˈmɔrnɪn]
• AfternoonEfternuin
  [ˈɛftərnun]
• EveningEenin
  [ˈiːnɪn]
• YesterdayYestreen
  [ˈjɛstrin]
• TodayThe day
  [ðə deɪ]
• TomorrowThe morn
  [ðə mɔrn]
• 1One
  [wʌn]
• 2Twa
  [twɑː]
• 3Three
  [θriː]
• 4Fower
  [ˈfaʊər]
• 5Fife
  [faɪv]
• 6Sax
  [saks]
• 7Seiven
  [ˈsɛvən]
• 8Aucht
  [ɔːxt]
• 9Nin
  [nɪn]
• 10Ten
  [tɛn]

• Where's a/the...?Whaur's a/the...?
  [ʍaʊrz ə/ðə]
• What's the address?Fit's the address?
  [fɪts ðə ˈædrɪs]
• Can you show me (on the map)?Can ye shaw me (oan the map)?
  [kæn jiː ʃɔ miː (ɒn ðə mæp)]
• When's the next (bus)?Whit time's the next (bus)?
  [ʍɪt taɪmz ðə nɛkst (bʌs)]
• A ticket (to ....)A tikkit (tae ....)
  [ə ˈtɪkɪt (tʰe ....)]

Edinburgh's history traces back to the early Middle Ages. The city was initially established as a fort by the Gododdin people, known as Din Eidyn. It became a key stronghold due to its strategic location atop Castle Rock, providing a defense against invaders.

Edinburgh Castle, perched upon Castle Rock, has been a significant landmark since the 12th century. It has served as a royal residence, military stronghold, and now a major tourist attraction. The castle has witnessed numerous historical events, including the Wars of Scottish Independence and the birth of King James VI of Scotland.

The Royal Mile is Edinburgh's historic heart, stretching from Edinburgh Castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. This cobblestone street has been the backdrop for parades, markets, and crucial moments in Scottish history. It houses notable buildings such as St Giles' Cathedral and the Scottish Parliament.

The 18th century marked Edinburgh as the center of the Scottish Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and scientific accomplishments. Figures like David Hume, Adam Smith, and James Hutton contributed to philosophy, economics, and geology, shaping modern thought.

Built in the 18th century to address overcrowding in the Old Town, Edinburgh's New Town is a masterclass in Georgian architecture. Designed by James Craig, its wide streets, squares, and elegant buildings contrast with the Old Town's medieval layout.

Edinburgh is renowned for its annual festivals, particularly the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, which began in 1947. This festival has grown to become the world's largest arts festival, hosting thousands of performances across various genres, drawing visitors from around the globe.

Arthur's Seat is an extinct volcano and the highest point in Edinburgh, offering panoramic views of the city. It is part of Holyrood Park, which has historical significance dating back to prehistoric times and has inspired numerous myths and legends.

Inspired by the Parthenon in Athens, the National Monument of Scotland on Calton Hill was intended to commemorate Scottish soldiers who died in the Napoleonic Wars. Construction began in 1826 but was never completed, earning it the nickname 'Scotland's Disgrace.'

The Stone of Destiny, also known as the Stone of Scone, is an ancient symbol of Scottish monarchy. Traditionally used in the coronation of Scottish kings, it was taken by England in 1296 and returned to Scotland in 1996. It is now displayed in Edinburgh Castle.

During the Industrial Revolution, Edinburgh expanded rapidly, transforming into a hub for printing, brewing, and engineering. The city's population grew, leading to significant urban development and the establishment of new institutions and infrastructure.

Edinburgh is well-connected to various parts of the UK and the world. The primary airport is Edinburgh Airport (EDI), located about 12 km west of the city center, offering numerous international and domestic flights. From the airport, you can take the Airlink 100 bus, tram, or a taxi to the city center. Edinburgh Waverley Railway Station, situated in the heart of the city, connects Edinburgh to other major cities like London, Glasgow, and Manchester via an extensive rail network. National Express and Megabus offer long-distance bus services to and from Edinburgh.

Edinburgh has an efficient public transport system managed by Lothian Buses, including buses and trams that cover most parts of the city. A day ticket offers unlimited travel on buses and trams for a fixed price. Taxis and ride-sharing services like Uber are also available. For a more scenic experience, consider walking or biking through the city; many attractions are within walking distance of each other. Bicycles can be rented from various locations around the city.

The official currency in Edinburgh is the British Pound Sterling (GBP). Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in most establishments, including shops, restaurants, and hotels. Contactless payment is commonly used. ATMs are plentiful throughout the city, but it is always a good idea to have some cash on hand for smaller vendors or in case of emergencies. Currency exchange services are available at the airport, major banks, and dedicated exchange offices in the city center.

Edinburgh is generally a safe city for tourists, but like any urban area, it is advisable to stay vigilant. Areas such as Grassmarket and Cowgate can get rowdy at night due to the nightlife scene. Avoid walking alone in poorly lit areas and keep an eye on your belongings in crowded places, especially during festivals. Be cautious in neighborhoods like Niddrie and Wester Hailes, which have higher crime rates. Always use licensed taxis and be aware of your surroundings.

In case of an emergency, dial 999 for immediate assistance from police, fire, or medical services. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the main hospital for emergencies. Pharmacies are readily available for minor health issues. It is advisable to have travel insurance that covers medical emergencies. For non-emergencies, the NHS 24 service can be reached by dialing 111 for health advice.

Fashion: Do dress in layers as the weather can be unpredictable. Waterproof clothing is advisable. Avoid overly casual attire in fine dining establishments. Religion: Do respect places of worship. Remove hats and speak softly inside churches and cathedrals. Public Transport: Do queue patiently and have your fare or ticket ready. Don’t talk loudly or play music without headphones. Greetings: Do greet people with a friendly 'hello' or 'hi.' A handshake is common in formal settings. Eating & Drinking: Do try local dishes like haggis, neeps, and tatties. Don’t forget to tip around 10% in restaurants if service is not included.

To experience Edinburgh like a local, explore beyond the main tourist spots. Visit neighborhoods like Stockbridge for its Sunday Market and Leith for its vibrant port culture. Take a walk up Arthur’s Seat for panoramic views of the city. Enjoy a pint in a traditional pub and strike up a conversation with locals. Attend local events and festivals like the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the world’s largest arts festival, held every August. For a quieter experience, visit the Royal Botanic Garden or take a stroll along the Water of Leith Walkway.